Rayのドイツ音楽留学レポート

Rayのドイツ音楽留学レポート 【第45回】 そもそもドイツとは？

by matsumoto / 276件のコメント

2022年5月28日

こんにちは、Rayです。私はドイツで音楽の勉強をしている大学院生で、オーボエという楽器を専攻しています。

今回は「ドイツという国」について、私の認識と感じたことを綴ります。

ヨーロッパのなかにあるドイツ

ドイツはヨーロッパ連合の国の大陸国で、周りをいろいろな国に囲まれています。肉（ソーセージ）とビールというイメージがありますが、ドイツにも海に面した地域があり、北ドイツでは夏の休暇時期にビーチを求めて来る観光客でにぎわいます。

ドイツと国境を接しているのは北部から順にデンマーク、ポーランド、チェコ、オーストリア、スイス、フランス、ルクセンブルク、ベルギー、そしてオランダです。その他EU域内にはたくさんの飛行機や電車・バスが行き来しているかつ国境でのパスポートコントロールがないので、ドイツ以外の国にも気軽に行くことができます。

地方に人口が分散するドイツ

古くは中世から第一次世界大戦前まで何百年もの間、ドイツは統一国家とはならず地方の都市が緩く繋がっていました。その歴史があるからか、今でもドイツは州ごと、地域ごとに文化の違いが大きく現われます。また、市政もそれぞれの州独自の議会で決められる裁量が日本の地方と比べて多いです。（例えば新型コロナウイルス感染予防策では、エリア別の感染状況を見て州議会がマスク着用エリアの指定や店舗の短縮営業などを決めていました。州議会の意見を国の議会ですり合わせる場面が多くありました。）ドイツには日本の人口分布のような一極集中ではなく、全国に大都市から中小都市まで分散されています。

ドイツが分裂していた時代

文化の違いが現れる別の要因に、冷戦時にドイツが東西に分かれていたことも挙げられます。

第二次世界大戦後すぐ、敗戦国ドイツは戦勝国であるアメリカ、イギリス、フランス、ソ連に分割統治されました。その後すぐに冷戦が起こりソ連占領地とそれ以外の国の占領地が分裂し、1949年に西ドイツ、東ドイツが誕生してから1990年に統一（西ドイツであるドイツ連邦共和国に旧東ドイツであるドイツ民主共和国（DDR）が編入）するまで、二つのドイツがありました。そのため私はまだ詳しく知りませんが、現代でも日常の様々な面で西ドイツ、東ドイツの違いが見える場合があるそうです。

旧東ドイツ時代は大変だったのか？

旧東ドイツ地域にはこのかわいい信号機が残っています。

私のいる街は旧東ドイツ地域なので、旧東ドイツの暮らしを知っている人が大勢います。日本の学校で勉強した歴史では旧東ドイツのことはあまり良い風には書かれておらず、人々はいつも大変な暮らしを強いられていたかのような印象がありました。彼らの話を聞いていると特に苦労の日々だったわけではなさそうだという感想を持ちました。

まずは、旧東ドイツでは男女ともに働くのが普通だったということです。他のドイツのオーケストラを知らないので断定はできませんが、旧東ドイツ地域だった私のいる街のオーケストラのベテラン奏者の男女比率は半々くらいです。日本のように、西ドイツでは以前は専業主婦が多かったそうで、女性の社会進出が叫ばれるようになったのは最近の話だそうです。

それから、旧東ドイツ時代の音大生の数は、オーケストラや音楽教師として必要な人数を大幅に上回ることのないよう制限されていたそうです。旧東ドイツでの職業選択の自由は制限があったかもしれませんが、少なくとも音大生は何かしら音楽の専門職に就いて生きていくことができたそうです。この点においては、現在の過酷な就活競争にまみれている私からするとうらやましい限りですが、学生を終えるべき年齢が決められていたため時間的な圧力が大きかったという話はあまり嬉しくないなと思います。

ドイツ再統一後の混乱していた期間は、街の住宅環境の整備が追い付いていなかったという話を聞きました。そのころに就職して一人暮らしをしていた人たちは、シャワーやトイレのない部屋で暮らして、隣人のところに借りに行ったり、職場のシャワー室を借りるしかない日々を過ごしたりしていたようです。

それでも旧東ドイツ（DDR）時代の思い出をとりわけ悪いものとして語る人は私の周りにはおらず、みんな懐かしさを込めて今は存在しないDDR時代の話をしてくれます。

現在年金暮らしをしているある60~70歳代の女性からは、「ドイツが再統一したときには、街に西ドイツで知った最先端技術を持った人がたくさん流入して、突如現れた資本主義社会の競争についていけず失業した人が多かった。」「今でも西と東の経済格差は少なくはなく、昔の、社会主義政策の中でそれなりの生活を保障される安心感は大きかった」と聞きました。彼女自身も職業を変える必要がありましたが強く生き抜いて、今は年金と貯金で過ごしながら、流ちょうな英語を使って世界を自由に旅する、開けたドイツでだからできる事を楽しんでいるそうです。

ドイツと日本

ドイツと日本は執筆中の5月現在は7時間、サマータイムの終わる冬季は8時間の時差があります。そして飛行機での移動時間は、通常は直行便でも12~13時間（現在のロシア上空を回避する飛行では15~16時間）かかります。乗り継ぎ便での移動や出発地、到着地と空港の移動なども考えると、一日がかりの大移動となります。

ドイツと日本は歴史的に少し似ているところがあり、19世紀に一つの国家としてまとまったこと、世界大戦の敗戦から経済成長したこと、1990年代初めに東西ドイツ統一やバブル崩壊などの、社会の変動を経験したことなどが挙げられます。

現在では、長寿国家、高齢化社会、医療の充実した国、国民皆保険、年金制度、ペーパーレス社会への道のりはまだ長いこと、団塊ジュニア世代の定年退職、教師不足などの共通点が挙げられます。

まとめ

歴史に興味がある私は、これからもっと小国のまとまりだった近世のドイツの姿と、東西ドイツ分裂が現在に残す影響や性格の違いなどを深く知りたいなと思っています。それから、次回は、ドイツの東西南北にどんな都市があるのかをご紹介します。

最後までお読みいただきありがとうございます。次回は、6月11日(土)に更新します。

Ray

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