Rayのドイツ音楽留学レポート

Rayのドイツ音楽留学レポート【第21回】ドイツの公共交通機関、主に電車

by 事務局 / 24件のコメント

2021年6月12日

こんにちは、Rayです。私はドイツで音楽の勉強をしている大学院生で、オーボエという楽器を専攻しています。

私は物心ついた頃から電車が好きで、時々無性に電車に乗りたくなることがあります。外の景色の移り変わりを見ながらのんびり本を読んだりぼーっとしたりする時間は大切な、リラックス時間になります。日本の鉄道も大好きですが、ドイツの鉄道も気に入っています。そこで今回はプチ鉄子による電車特集といたします。

ドイツの電車の種類

大きく分けてドイツ鉄道（Deutsche Bahnを略してDBと呼ばれます。）と地域の交通網に分かれています。ドイツ鉄道DBは街と街を結ぶ中長距離路線が主で、超特急のICE、特急のIC、快速のRE、普通列車のSバーンがあります。地域の交通網は地下鉄や路面電車、そしてバスです。日本の私の出身地には路面電車はなく、路面電車に乗ったことは数えるほどしかありませんでしたが、ドイツの多くの街で路面電車が市民の足になっています。

ドイツの鉄道

皆さんは、海外の鉄道についてのイメージはありますか？ドイツの鉄道は、日本の鉄道のような正確さと比べると、よく遅れます。また、去年何度か地域の交通網の職員が大規模なストライキを起こし、その日は一日中交通網が麻痺してしまいました。ただ、私の在ドイツ歴約1年半のうち電車のトラブルに巻き込まれて予定が大幅に狂ったのは2回で、まあ許容範囲かなと思っています。

一度目は車両の整備不良のため、出発予定時刻10分前に運休が発表されました。次の電車は2時間後にしかなかったので、目的地まではタクシーを使い、後日ドイツ鉄道にタクシー代を請求しました。同行していたドイツ人が全て手続きしてくれたので助かりましたが、もし一人旅だったら涙が出てきただろうと思います。

二度目は乗っている途中で、周辺の地域の悪天候により20分ほど止まりました。結局予定していた電車に乗り換えることができず、他の路線を使って遠回りすることになりました。

それでもドイツ鉄道のよいところは、どれくらい遅れそうなのかお知らせしてくれることと、アプリが充実していることです。この時もすぐにアプリの通知で新しい経路を知りました。プラットホームの音声アナウンスや電光掲示板でも「今遅れています。約10分後に来る予定です。」といったアナウンスが流れます。電車トラブルがあっても随時情報が提供されるので、そこは評価できる点だと思います。

電車の乗り方

ドイツの超特急にあたるICEの路線図
Fern- und Nahverkehr der Bahn: Streckenkarten und Liniennetzpläne 
ドイツ鉄道 Deutsche Bahn 公式サイトより転載

ＤＢ、地域の交通網に共通した基本的な流れは、乗る電車を決める、切符を買う、（アクティベートする）、電車に乗る、車内で乗務員に切符を提示する、降りるです。

このアクティベートと検札については、ドイツに来てまず驚くことだと思います。

ドイツの駅には改札がない代わりに、アクティベートをする機械があります。まず券売機で切符を買ったら、駅のホームにある小さな機械に切符を差し込んで日時を打刻します。そうして初めて買った切符が有効になるので、電車に乗る前に忘れずにアクティベートします。その他アプリや公式サイトで切符を買う場合は、メールで送られてくるPDFを印刷して携帯するか、検札の時にアプリの切符画面やPDFを提示します。または、アプリの画面に「コンフォートチェックイン」という機能が表示されることもあり、自分の座席位置をアプリで入力すればアクティベートが完了します。

私はよく切符をアプリで買うので、アクティベートの機械はあまり使いません。券売機で切符を買う時は、気を付けないとうっかりアクティベートを忘れそうになります。

駅に入ってから電車に乗り込むまで改札などのゲートで区切られた空間はなく、無賃乗車もできてしまいそうな気がします。ですが長距離電車はほぼ毎回、地域の交通網でも抜き打ちで、乗務員や私服スタッフによる検札が行われます。無賃乗車の罰金は結構高いようで、私の住む街の地域の交通網では切符2ユーロに対して約60ユーロです。これまでに私は検札で引っかかった人を見たことがないので、皆さんリスクの大きいことはせずルールを守って電車を利用している、と個人的には思っています。

DBのアプリ

ドイツの長距離電車はすべてドイツ鉄道ＤＢがまとめていて、各地の地域の交通網との連携もスムーズです。というのも一回の操作で、最寄駅から地域の交通網とDBの中長距離路線を経由して最終目的地まで行ける切符を購入することができるのです。

DBのアプリはドイツ国内と近隣諸国の（おそらく）全ての電車に対応しています。ＤＢのアプリをダウンロードしてアカウント作成、クレジットカードの紐づけをすると、経路の検索結果から切符購入、アクティベートに当たるコンフォートチェックインまで全部アプリ内で完結します。日本の新幹線を考えると、JRでも地域によって管轄が分かれているので、例えばJR東海からJR東日本を利用しようとすると切符の手配が面倒です。それと比較すると、無駄をなくすのが得意なドイツ、という私たちのイメージを裏切らない仕組みだと思います。

料金設定

ドイツの鉄道システムで日本と違うことの一つが、同じ路線でも値段が一律ではないことです。飛行機のような料金変動制で、先の日程のチケットは安く、直近になればなるほど値段が上がります。また、日時や乗り換え回数などの条件で価格が変わるので、よく検討する必要があります。

例えば、私はこの前用事でベルリンに行きました。「今から約2時間後に出発する電車が20ユーロくらいだな」と思っていたら、その30分後にもう一度値段を見た時には同じ時刻の電車が３０ユーロになっていてとても驚きました。私が値段を見なかった30分の間に電車が一本出発し、乗ろうと思っていた電車は直近の便、となりました。「これから急いでベルリンに行く人は高くても買うだろう」という意味の値上げだと考えていますが、たった30分の差で10ユーロも変わるなんて、と思わずにはいられませんでした。

車両の種類と予約席

DBの車両には新幹線のグリーン席にあたる1等車と、普通車に当たる2等車があり、そのどちらにも自由席と指定席があります。

それぞれの座席の上に小さい表示板があり、誰かが予約席している場合は「○○駅から□□駅まで予約済み」と書かれています。そのため座席の指定をせずに車両に乗り込んだときは表示板を見て自分の乗る区間が空いている場所を探します。

しばらくはコロナで閉まっていましたが、食堂車がついている列車もあり、そこではコーヒーから温かい食べ物まで楽しむことができます。またコロナ禍前はコーヒーを持って車内販売に来る乗務員もいたので、そんな時には新幹線のワゴン販売を思い出して少し懐かしい気持ちになっていました。

ファミリー車両ではこどもが賑やかにしていても大丈夫です。

バーンカード

DBのバーンカードという会員カードを持っていれば、毎回の中長距離列車の運賃が割引されます。このバーンカードには割引率の違うものがいくつかあります。詳しい紹介は省略しますが、私は1年間有効の、2等車が25％オフになるバーンカードを持っています。3か月間有効のお試しカード(BahnCard Probe)もあり何回か電車に乗れば十分元が取れるので、ドイツ短期旅行でも使ってみることができると思います。

ただかなり気を付けなければならないのが自動更新です。3ヶ月のお試しカードであっても、一度契約すると更新の6週間前までに解約手続きをしない限り1年分の契約に替わってしまいます。私はそれで苦い経験をしたことがありますので、必要なくなった場合の解約手続きはどうかお忘れなく！

まとめ

日本の様な島国とは違い、周りと国境を接している大陸国のドイツ、場所によっては他の国の電車も乗り入れます。特にEUの国へは出入国審査を受けることなく電車で海外旅行に行けるということは今でも驚きです。実際ドイツ人に聞いたところ、飛行機もいいけど電車でもスイスやオーストリア、チェコ等どこでも行けるよね、という返事が返ってきました。コロナが落ち着いて時間がたっぷりとれる時に、電車に乗ってぶらりヨーロッパ中を回ってみたいなと夢見ています。（しかし、飛行機に乗って雲の上から見る世界も大大大好きなので、予算に余裕があればきっと、電車か飛行機かでものすごく迷うことになるんだろうなと思っています。）

最後までお読みいただきありがとうございました。次回は6月28日(土)に更新します。テーマは「ドイツで英語」の予定です。

Ray

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24件のコメント

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